Buildings and architecture in London

The Barbican is a testament to the bold and innovative nature of Brutalist design. Located in the heart of London, this iconic complex features a striking combination of concrete structures, elevated walkways, and lush green spaces. Completed in the 1980s, it showcases a unique vision of urban living, incorporating residential apartments, cultural venues, and a renowned art centre.

Sir John Soane's Museum in Holborn is a treasure trove of architectural and artistic innovation. Housed in the former home of the renowned neoclassical architect Sir John Soane – one of the greatest English architects ever – the museum itself is, unsurprisingly, a masterpiece of design. The building's interiors are a mesmerising blend of light and shadow, with a maze of rooms and corridors that display Soane's own collection of art, antiquities, and architectural curiosities. It is a must-visit for those interested in both the history of architecture and the creative mind of one of Britain's most influential architects.

Westminster Abbey, a symbol of British history and tradition, is a perfect example of Gothic architecture. Its intricate façade, soaring spires, and stained-glass windows evoke a sense of grandeur and spirituality. The abbey's nave features pointed arches and ribbed vaults, characteristic of the Gothic style, which allows for a sense of height and space. Inside, the carved stone and woodwork, along with the impressive fan vaulting in the Lady Chapel, showcase the craftsmanship of the medieval builders.

The Shard, a modern marvel in the heart of London, stands as a testament to contemporary architecture in the city. Designed by renowned architect Renzo Piano, this iconic skyscraper stands tall into the city's skyline with its glass-clad façade and dramatic shard-like form. Its sleek and futuristic design combines cutting-edge engineering with sustainability, as the building incorporates energy-efficient features. From the inside looking out, you can enjoy panoramic views of the city.

St. Paul's Cathedral is a masterpiece of English Baroque architecture. Designed by the famed architect Sir Christopher Wren, its elegant dome and impressive facades showcase the grandeur of the late 17th century. The cathedral's iconic dome, one of the largest in the world, features a stunning interior whispering gallery and offers breath-taking views from the Golden Gallery.

The Tate Modern, located on the banks of the Thames, is one of London's leading contemporary art museums housed in a former power station. Renovated by architects Herzog & de Meuron, the building itself is a masterpiece, featuring a distinct, brick-clad exterior with a towering chimney that has become an iconic part of the city's skyline. Its vast, open spaces provide a perfect backdrop for the museum's extensive collection of modern and contemporary artworks, including pieces by artists like Picasso, Warhol, and Hockney.

The architecture of the Natural History Museum in London is a testament to the magnificence of the Victorian era. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse, the museum boasts a stunning Romanesque Revival-style exterior featuring intricate terracotta ornamentation that depicts various elements of the natural world. The central hall, with its vaulted ceiling and suspended blue whale skeleton, is at the heart of the museum and makes for great photo opportunities from the overlooking balconies.

Battersea Power Station is an iconic industrial landmark set on the banks of the Thames in the south of the city. It's a prime example of Art Deco architecture, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and completed in the 1930s. It features a distinctive red-brick exterior and four towering chimneys. Its symmetrical design and ornate detailing reflect the elegance of the era. Originally a coal-fired power station, it ceased operations in the 1980s, becoming famous for appearing in films and album covers.

Leadenhall Market, in the heart of London's financial district, is a testament to Victorian architecture and commercial design. Dating back to the 19th century, it features a stunning wrought iron and glass roof that creates an elegant and airy atmosphere within the market. The architectural details, including ornate pillars, intricate cornices, and decorative tiles, evoke the vibe of a bygone era. The market's cobbled streets and charming shopfronts add to its unique character.

The Tower of London, a historic fortress and UNESCO World Heritage Site, tells the story of thousands of years of English history. Its architectural complexity, featuring a mix of Norman, Gothic, and Tudor elements, speaks of of its evolving roles as a royal palace, a prison, and a treasury. The iconic White Tower is also a symbol of medieval military engineering. The Tower of London's history is equally rich and dark, having housed famous prisoners like Anne Boleyn. Today, it's home to the iconic Crown Jewels, making it a blend of architecture, history, and royal heritage that draws visitors from all around the world.

The Globe Theatre, a reconstruction of the original 16th-century theatre linked to William Shakespeare, is an architectural gem that pays homage to Elizabethan theatre design. Situated along the banks of the Thames, it consists of a circular structure with an open-air design, complete with a thatched roof and wooden beams. The Globe's architecture is very similar to its 16th-century version, and it remains a tribute to the architectural aesthetics of the Elizabethan era.

Buckingham Palace is a fine example of neoclassical architecture. Designed by architect John Nash in the 19th century, its iconic white stone exterior features a symmetrical layout, with a central balcony and front courtyard. The palace's dome and the surrounding wings exhibit elements of the French-inspired Louis XIV style. The stunning State Rooms, used for official ceremonies and receptions, include elegant interiors with intricate ceiling details, ornate furnishings, and an impressive art collection.

On London's South Bank, the Hayward Gallery is another excellent example of Brutalist architecture. Designed by a team of architects led by Norman Engleback and Ron Herron, the building was completed in the late 1960s. Its concrete exterior features bold lines, geometric shapes, and a visually striking design. Inside, the gallery consists of a spacious exhibition space where a wide range of contemporary art installations and exhibitions take place.

Fans of pub architecture will love The Black Lion in Kilburn. Built in 1898, it's considered one of the most beautiful pubs in the country and has even won awards for its architecture. Inside it's rammed with elaborate features like carvings, high ceilings, and sweeping curtains. Enjoy its good looks whilst you have a casual drink or a full meal here.

Nestled in the heart of the city, the College of Arms is a revered institution with roots tracing back to the 15th century. Its primary role is as the official heraldic authority in England and Wales, tasked with issuing and overseeing coats of arms. This institution stands as a remarkable example of heraldic architecture and historical importance. Established in 1484, it boasts a timeless design influenced by the classic Tudor and Jacobean architectural styles, and remains steeped in tradition.

Liberty London, located on Great Marlborough Street, is renowned for its stunning architectural design. The store, founded in 1875, features a Tudor Revival façade with distinctive mock Tudor timber framing. Its flamboyant appearance resembles a grand Elizabethan mansion, complete with leaded windows, decorative carvings, and a timbered exterior. Inside, the building boasts a light and airy central atrium adorned with an ornate, Art Nouveau-style balcony.

20 Fenchurch Street, also known as the Walkie-Talkie Building, is a distinctive London skyscraper in the heart of the financial district. Completed in 2014, it stands out for its unique curved shape. The building's exterior is adorned with a glass façade that curves outward as it rises, giving it an eye-catching appearance on the city's skyline. One of its most notable features is the Sky Garden, a lush public space at the top of the building, offering stunning panoramic views of London – it's free to visit, you just have to book ahead.

The Wilkins Building, part of the University College London, stands as an architectural masterpiece crafted by William Wilkins and finished during the early 19th century. It's a great example of neoclassical design, boasting a regal exterior with columns, entrances, and embellishments. Head inside and you'll find the Main Library, Flaxman Gallery, Cloisters, and Dome.

The Blackfriar is a Victorian architectural gem celebrated for its elegant Art Nouveau interior with decorative motifs, detailed mosaics, and carved wooden panels. Situated within a Grade II listed structure, the pub boasts an equally striking exterior with an eye-catching black and gold façade. Established in 1875, The Blackfriar is a quintessential British establishment and a testament to London's architectural heritage and social history.

Nestled within London's Hampstead Heath, the Hill Garden and Pergola is a hidden sanctuary of nature, moments from the hustle and bustle of the busy city. This landscaped garden from the early 20th century comprises a pergola with climbing vines and intricate finishes. It provides a peaceful escape from the lively city, offering the chance to while away a few hours, walking the meandering pathways to find pretty vistas and quiet nooks.

The National Theatre in London is a fine example of modernist architecture, designed by Sir Denys Lasdun and finished in 1976. Its distinctive concrete design with sharp angles and terraces has become a recognisable sight. The interior offers spacious and versatile performance areas, including the Olivier, Lyttelton, and Dorfman Theatres. The National Theatre's architectural design is not only a reflection of the Brutalist movement, but it has also become a symbol of contemporary theatre and a cultural landmark in London.

The Dulwich Picture Gallery is an architectural masterpiece designed by Sir John Soane, one of Britain's most prominent architects, who completed it in 1817. It's considered one of the world's first purpose-built art galleries, constructed in a neoclassical design with a symmetrical façade featuring Ionic columns and a pedimented entrance. Inside, the use of skylights provides ample natural light for the display of artworks. The building's layout, with a central gallery space surrounded by smaller rooms, was revolutionary for its time and has been a consistent inspiration for art gallery design.

The Albert in Victoria Street immediately stands out because it looks so different to the modern structures surrounding it. This little pub really has stood the test of time, having been around since 1862 and survived The Blitz. Inside it's traditional and full of attractive original features. A gallery of prime ministers and a division bell remind you of how close you are to parliament.

Visit the Royal Arcade for luxury shopping or simply to check out its impressive Victorian architecture. Constructed in 1879, it's the city's oldest purpose-built shopping arcade and still shows off many of its original features. Visit at Christmas for seasonal displays that make the space even more exciting.

30 St Mary Axe, lovingly known as The Gherkin, was built in 2003 and soon became an unmistakeable part of the city's skyline. Its curved architecture and shiny appearance really helps it to stand out. Much of the building is used for office space but there's a restaurant and bar at the top. Visit for drinks or a meal or plan a special event - you can even get married here.

Built in the 18th century and originally the chapel of the former Middlesex Hospital, Grade II listed Fitzrovia Chapel is a fascinating destination for architecture fans. It's open regularly for guests to admire the impressive building, plus it now hosts regular exhibitions, events, and meditation sessions. Expect an intricate space full of history and detail.